Thymagen

The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Demonstrated that EW dipeptide targets ACE2 and CYSLTR1 genes, and Thymalin with its EW and KE dipeptides reduced IL-1-beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha cytokine synthesis by 1.4-6.0 fold in vitro.

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line

Khavinson peptides including Thymagen increased MAP kinase phosphorylation, inhibited TNF and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated monocytes, and reduced monocyte adhesion to endothelium — acting as natural TNF tolerance inducers.

The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity

Comprehensive review of Thymalin and its active dipeptides (EW and KE), covering gene expression regulation, anti-apoptotic effects in lymphocytes, and clinical immunocorrection applications.

Novel platform for the preparation of synthetic orally active peptidomimetics with hemoregulating activity

Demonstrated that L-Glu-L-Trp (Thymogen) and its D-enantiomer (Thymodepressin) exhibit reciprocal biological activities — immunostimulation vs. immunosuppression — a rare phenomenon in peptide pharmacology.

Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process

Demonstrated that Thymogen activates B-lymphocytes in aging spleen tissue through apoptosis inhibition and proliferation stimulation, with age-dependent immunoprotective properties.

Oral absorption enhancement of dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp-OH by lipid and glycosyl conjugation

Characterized L-Glu-L-Trp as a naturally occurring thymic immunomodulator and developed lipid/glycosyl conjugates to enhance oral bioavailability, demonstrating improved enzymatic resistance and membrane permeability.

Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp slows down aging and inhibits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats

76 female rats treated with L-Glu-L-Trp for 12 months showed extended maximum lifespan (1048 vs. 949 days, p<0.001), reduced aging rate, and significantly lower spontaneous tumor incidence (total tumors 1.5x, malignant 1.7x, hematopoietic 3.4x lower).

Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction

Khavinson and Morozov describe the isolation of L-Glu-L-Trp from Thymalin by HPLC and the development of Thymogen as a synthetic pharmaceutical, demonstrating T-cell differentiation activation and cytokine modulation.

Thymogen in the treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus

Comparative study showing thymogen activated T-lymphocyte differentiation in type 1 diabetes patients with secondary immunodeficiency, with clinical effect in 94.4% and laboratory effect in 83.3% of patients.

The clinico-epidemiological efficacy of thymogen in acute respiratory viral infections in a military collective

Intranasal and subcutaneous thymogen in military personnel significantly reduced morbidity rate, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections including influenza.